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Muscular evolution in humans
Muscular Evolution in Humans is an overview of the muscular adaptations made by Humans from their early ancestors to the modern man.
== Introduction ==
DNA and anthropologic data consider modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) a primate and the descendants of ape-like species. Species of the genus ‘Homo’ are all extinct except humans and we are thought to have evolved from australopithecine ancestors originating in East Africa.〔Larry L Mai; Marcus Young Owl; M Patricia Kersting (2005), The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution, Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, p. 45〕 The development of the modern human has taken 200,000 years and over the course unique adaptations have resulted from ecological pressures that man has faced. Due prominently to dietary, environmental, and behavioral factors, the modern human muscular system differs greatly from that of their evolutionary ancestor as well as early forms of Homo sapiens. These adaptations and changes have allowed Homo sapiens to function as they do today.
As is the standard for all evolutionary adaptations, the human muscle system evolved in its efforts to increase survivability. Since muscles and the accompanying ligaments and tendons are present all throughout the body aiding in many functions, it is apparent that our behavior and decisions are based upon what we are and how we can operate. It is believed that our ancestor’s original habitat was not on the ground but in the trees and we developed new habits that eventually allowed us to thrive on the ground such as changes in diet, gathering of food, energy expenditure, social interactions, and predators. Life in the canopy meant a food supply similar to that of herbivores: leaves, fruits, berries; mostly low-protein foods that did not require a large amount of energy to find. However, if any could be found, meat was also consumed. At this time our ancestors had not yet switched to full-time bipedalism and so searching for food on the ground did not make sense because there was too much energy and risk involved. This habitat also lacked the predators found on the ground that our chimp-like ancestors would have been poor defenders against. As they became bipedal, they began to live in groups that used weapons to fend off predators and hunt down prey. Running became a key aspect to the survival of the species.〔Foley, Lee, R.A., P.C. (1991). "Ecology and energetics of encephalization in hominid evolution." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, vol. 334, pp. 223-232.〕 Even with all this, one must understand that it is the development of the brain and that has guided the development of the muscle functions and structures in humans; without it we would be very different creatures.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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